Are there any prophecies like this in the Quran? (Excluding Sura 30 which may have happened before the Quran)?

The Koran doesn't have a lot of prophecy. It might predict the return of Jesus (Isa) but that is borrowed from Christian scriptures. There are prophecies about the 12th Imam, but those come from the Hadiths (sayings of the prophet). The Bible has many accurate prophecies, like the one you posted that is fulfilled in Alexander the Great and the kingdom split up among his four generals. The Koran lacks that supernatural element so common in the Bible.